Once the very symbol of American industrial might, Detroit has become the biggest US city in history to file for bankruptcy.
曾經(jīng)是美國工業(yè)力量象征的底特律成為美國歷史上最大的申請破產(chǎn)的城市。(澳大利亞人報)
曾為美國第四大城市的底特律18日申請破產(chǎn)保護,給全美帶來(lái)巨大震撼和沖擊。
DETROIT’S MUNICIPAL bankruptcy is undeniably unique in one respect: This is the largest U.S. city to ask a federal court for protection against its creditors, whether you measure by population (approximately 700,000) or by accumulated debt (up to $20 billion).
無(wú)論是按照人口(約70萬(wàn))還是按照累積的債務(wù)(接近200億美元)來(lái)衡量,底特律市政破產(chǎn)都無(wú)可否認地成為唯一,底特律是要求聯(lián)邦法院保護其債權人的最大的美國城市。(華盛頓郵報)
自上世紀50年代中期以來(lái),美國有60多個(gè)縣鎮鄉村破產(chǎn),但大城市申請破產(chǎn)的情況非常罕見(jiàn),像底特律這樣擁有全球知名度和輝煌歷史的大城市申請破產(chǎn),還是美國歷史上的第一次。
In many ways, Detroit is one of a kind, starting with its near-total dependence on an industry, automobile manufacturing, that has been shrinking for decades. Racism and racial tension plague many cities, but Detroit’s experience with both has been particularly damaging, as shown by bloody upheavals in 1943 and 1967 — and the massive flight of middle-class residents, mostly white, that began after the latter event and never really ended.
底特律在許多方面都是獨一無(wú)二的,它是一個(gè)從近乎單一的行業(yè)——汽車(chē)制造起家的城市,而汽車(chē)制造之前已經(jīng)萎縮了好幾十年。種族歧視和種族關(guān)系緊張給許多城市造成危害,底特律受害尤其嚴重,1943和1967年還發(fā)生了流血事件,中產(chǎn)階級居民,特別是白人的大量流失在1967年后從未真正結束過(guò)。(華盛頓郵報)
從頂級汽車(chē)城到金融意義上的廢墟,底特律掙扎了難以想象的60年。
“Bankruptcy gives us breathing room,” Kevyn Orr, the city’s emergency financial manager, told reporters Friday. “We were being sued on almost a weekly basis. I pleaded for that not to happen.”
底特律的緊急財政經(jīng)理Kevyn Orr19日告訴記者,破產(chǎn)給了我們喘息的空間,我們幾乎每周都要被起訴,我祈求這一切不要再發(fā)生。(美國全國廣播公司)
用密歇根州州長(cháng)里克·斯奈德的話(huà)來(lái)說(shuō):“除了申請破產(chǎn)保護,底特律已經(jīng)無(wú)路可走。雖然邁出這一步極為艱難,但不這樣做便無(wú)法解決長(cháng)達60年的老問(wèn)題!
According to the paperwork, the city owes billions of dollars to more than 100,000 creditors, including bond holders and city pension funds. Orr, a state-appointed bankruptcy attorney who is trying to clean up Detroit financial mess, has said the city is insolvent—meaning it can pay what it owes with the taxes it collects.
根據記錄,底特律欠下超過(guò)10萬(wàn)名債權人的數以?xún)|計的債務(wù),這些債權人包括債券持有人和城市養老基金。試圖理清底特律財務(wù)混亂的破產(chǎn)律師Orr表示,底特律無(wú)力償還債務(wù),這意味著(zhù)該市只能用稅收來(lái)支付所欠債務(wù)。(美國全國廣播公司)
But two pension funds representing retired city workers have resisted the bankruptcy plan, and - with tens of thousands of creditors - the city is already facing a number of lawsuits.
不過(guò)代表退休城市工人的兩大養老基金以及成千上萬(wàn)的債權人反對破產(chǎn)計劃,該城市已經(jīng)面對許多訴訟。(英國廣播公司)
6月,底特律市政府曾希望能夠通過(guò)債務(wù)減記的方式避免破產(chǎn),但此舉遭到債權人的抵制,使其不得不最終走上申請破產(chǎn)之路。
About $9bn of Detroit’s debt is owed to the pension funds and retiree healthcare benefits of the city’s 10,000 workers and 20,000 retirees.
大約90億的底特律債務(wù)欠的是養老基金和退休人員醫療福利的錢(qián),這筆基金和福利的受益者是該城市1萬(wàn)名工人和2萬(wàn)名退休者。(英國廣播公司)
底特律緊急財政管理人凱文·奧爾今年6月曾與底特律工會(huì )和養老金委員會(huì )等債權人談判,希望對方同意削減市政工作人員薪水和退休職工養老金,以支持市政府財政重組,但沒(méi)能成功。
Judge Rosemarie Aquilina said the petition, filed on Thursday, violated the state’s laws and constitution because it threatened pension benefits.But the state’s attorney general immediately appealed against the order.
法官羅斯瑪麗-阿奎麗娜表示18日遞交的破產(chǎn)保護申請要求違背了憲法和法律,因為它威脅到養老退休福利。但是州檢察長(cháng)立刻重新提起審訴。(英國廣播公司)
阿奎麗娜在判詞中說(shuō),依據密歇根州憲法,州長(cháng)無(wú)權“削減養老金”,因此斯奈德所簽法令內容違反州憲法。
The federal government provided federal loans to prevent New York City from declaring bankruptcy during the 1970s. But times have changed; the federal government has debt and financial problems of its own, and a Detroit bailout could run into significant opposition in Congress. White House officials say they are monitoring Detroit’s dire financial situation, though they have made clear for months not to expect any sort of federal bailout for the now-bankrupt city.
在上世紀70年代,美國聯(lián)邦政府對紐約城提供了政府貸款以防止紐約破產(chǎn)。不過(guò)時(shí)過(guò)境遷,聯(lián)邦政府自己背負著(zhù)債務(wù)和財政問(wèn)題,對于底特律的援助可能會(huì )在國會(huì )引起強烈反對。白宮官員表示,他們正在監控底特律可怕的財政狀況,不過(guò)好幾個(gè)月前他們就表示不會(huì )給這個(gè)破產(chǎn)城市提供任何形式的政府援助。(今日美國)
美國歷史上,紐約、克利夫蘭和費城一度面臨破產(chǎn),但底特律是第一個(gè)真正提出破產(chǎn)保護申請的大城市。2008年金融危機爆發(fā)時(shí),美國聯(lián)邦儲備委員會(huì )也曾向通用公司、克萊斯勒公司等汽車(chē)制造商提供數以十億計的資金,幫助它們從破產(chǎn)管理程序中迅速恢復。不過(guò),這次政府沒(méi)有作出任何承諾。
Experts predict the legal battle over its debts could drag on for years and cost tens of millions of dollars.
專(zhuān)家預計這場(chǎng)關(guān)于債務(wù)的法律戰還將拖延數年,并將花費數千萬(wàn)美元。(英國廣播公司)
造成底特律遭遇破產(chǎn)困境的主要原因是:人口驟減,稅基下降,公共支出卻依然龐大,不僅要維持一個(gè)約360平方公里的龐大城市,還有不堪負荷的醫療保健和養老金成本。所有這些使得底特律的破產(chǎn)特別復雜。破產(chǎn)過(guò)程沒(méi)有幾年也得幾個(gè)月,這本身就會(huì )產(chǎn)生高昂的成本,讓整座城市彌漫不確定的情緒。